If not in the error log, you can look at the Windows Event viewer. If that doesn't work then try starting apache normally from the command line, just type httpd and press Enter. If that gives you nothing then there's LogLevel Debug.
Tried that and httpd -w -e debug nothing additional shows.
EventLog only shows Disabled use of AcceptEx()
I know SHA2 certificates do not work in Windows XP/2k3, but I think that is only for IIS & IE. I have SHA 256 certs on 2k3 working on Apache 2.4.12.
Yes, same certificate/key with 2.4.12 (ApacheLounge build) works fine.
I'm curious, if you grabbed these certificates from the freebsd machine and dropped them into W2k3, it might possibly be a line ending dilemma. I'd make another copy and run unix2dos on them and give those a go. Other than that, it's just rolling dice.
Works in 2.4.12, works with openssl s_server, did modify line-ends Win to Unix no dice :/
I just gave it a try on Apache/2.2.29 (Win64) mod_ssl/2.2.29 OpenSSL/1.0.1l Win2k3 and it works with the same certs.
I have both VeriSign and a GlobalSign key/cert, neither seem to work.

*sigh*
Sorry. Bit terse, frustration shining through...
Seems the 2.4.12 install stopped crashing (runs on test box) after I have disabled certificate logins... Not running long enough without problems yet to move production :/
Thanks!